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翻訳と辞書　辞書検索 [ 開発暫定版 ] スポンサード リンク Vespula pensylvanica ： ウィキペディア英語版 Vespula pensylvanica The western yellowjacket (''Vespula pensylvanica'') is a Nearctic species of wasp in the genus ''Vespula''.〔"Issg Database: Ecology of Vespula Pensylvanica." Issg Database: Ecology of Vespula Pensylvanica. Web. .〕〔Akre, Roger D., Albert Greene, John F. MacDonald, Peter J. Landolt, and Harry G. Davis. Agricultural Handbook Number 552. United States Department of Agriculture, 1981. Print.〕 It is native to regions of North America, largely in areas with northern temperate climates. Its reproductive behavior is constrained by cold weather, which successfully reduces the number of western yellowjackets in cold months. However, in the absence of cold weather, this wasp's population can explode. The western yellowjacket has become particularly invasive in the Hawaiian Islands, resulting in their label as a major pest.〔Invasive Species in the Pacific: A Technical Review and Draft Regional Strategy. Samoa: South Pacific Regional Environment Programme, 2000. Print.〕〔Wilson, E. E., L. M. Mullen, and D. A. Holway. "Life History Plasticity Magnifies the Ecological Effects of a Social Wasp Invasion." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106.31 (2009): 12809-2813. Web.〕 ==Taxonomy and phylogeny== ''V. pensylvanica'' was originally named by de Sausser in 1857; it falls into the subgenus ''Paravespula'', within ''Vespula''. ''Paravespula'' consists of 11 species, which have been divided into four groups on the basis of morphological differences. ''V. pensylvanica'' falls into the same group as ''V. germanica''.〔Archer, Michael E. "Taxonomy, Distribution, and Nesting Biology of The Species of The Genus Paravesupla or The Vespula Vulgaris Species Group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)." Entomologist's Monthly Magazine June 2007: 5-29. Web.〕 With the exception of ''Allovespula'', the subgenera recognized within ''Vespula'' are natural groups. The separation of ''Rugovespula'' and ''Parvespula'' appears to be monophyletic; however, this is not well established.〔Carpenter, James M. "Phylogenetic Relationships and Classification of the Vespinae (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)." Systematic Entomology 12.4 (1987): 413-31. Web.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Vespula pensylvanica」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク 翻訳と辞書 : 翻訳のためのインターネットリソース Copyright(C) kotoba.ne.jp 1997-2016. All Rights Reserved.